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Action of 25 January 1797
The Action of 25 January 1797 was a minor naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought in the Gulf of Cádiz. The Spanish third-rate ship of the line ''San Francisco de Asís'' was attacked and pursued for several hours by a British squadron of three fifth-rates frigates and a sixth-rate corvette under George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway. After an intermittent but fierce exchange of fire, the British warships, badly damaged, were eventually forced to withdraw.〔 The ''San Francisco de Asís'', which suffered only minor damage, was able to return to Cádiz without difficulties. The commander of the ship, Captain Alonso de Torres y Guerra, was promoted for his success.
== Background ==
The winter of 1796–1797 was one of the stormiests of the 18th century.〔 The British Royal Navy lost the ships of line ''HMS Courageux'', wrecked off Gibraltar, and ''HMS Bombay Castle'', foundered in the shoals of the Tagus river's mouth, as well as two frigates.〔 A French expedition sent to Ireland to assist the rebel United Irishmen against the British government failed due to the storms. The Spanish navy also suffered the effects of the winter. The third-rate ship of the line ''San Francisco de Asís'', commanded by Captain Don Alonso de Torres y Guerra, which was anchored in the Bay of Cádiz during a mission to protect the arrival of Spanish commercial shipping from America, was hit by the storms, and having lost her anchor, she was forced to go out to open sea.〔
Spain and Britain, which had been allies against the Revolutionary France until the Peace of Basel and had cooperated in the Siege of Toulon (1793), became enemies when Spain aligned itself with France by Second Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1796. The British navy, on the outbreak of the war, withdrew from the Mediterranean Sea and was stationed in the Iberian Atlantic coast, from Cape Finisterre to Gibraltar.〔Black, Jeremy: ''The British Seaborne Empire''. Bury St Edmunds: Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780300103861, p. 150.〕 Sir John Jervis, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, took its base at Lisbon, having been ordered by the Admiralty to focus on "taking every opportunity of annoying the enemy", asides of protecting the British trade and cutting Spain from its colonies.〔Robson, Martin: ''Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict''. London: Palgrave Macillan, 2010. ISBN 9780857718846, pp. 36–37.〕 Among the British ships based in Lisbon, there was a division under the Earl of Galloway which comprised the frigates ''Lively'', ''Niger'' and ''Meleager'', and the sloops ''Fortune'' and ''Raven''.〔Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón: ''(Dos combates afortunados en circunstancias desesperadas )''. In ''Revista General de Marina''. June 2013, p. 792.〕 According to Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet, Second Secretary to the Admiralty for 40 years, Galloway, later known as Lord Garlies, was "an excellent man, but of a warm and sanguine temperament".〔Barrow, John (Sir): ''(An auto-biographical memoir of Sir John Barrow, Late of the Admiralty: including reflections, observations, and reminiscences at home and abroad, from early life to advanced age )''. London: John Murray, 1847, p. 278.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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